This video clip is showing dermal equivalents with quantum dot labeled fibroblasts during freezing. The tissue equivalents are exposed to a temperature gradient (-20 degC on the left and 4 degC on the right). When the clip starts, freezing interface moves from left to right. Due to the volumetric expansion of water during freezing, the tissue equivalent experiences spatial and temporal deformation. This is critically important to understand the effects of freezing during cryopreservation of biomaterials. Detailed information is published in Teo et al (2011) Biomaterials.
